Film production consists of a number of different roles. Within producing feature length film, roles consist of a variety of hierarchy and subsidiary jobs. To compensate for the number of roles in producing a film our group have undertaken a number of different responsibilities. For example, a number of different categories which fall under lighting and lighting related jobs (lighting design, lighting supervisor, lighting technical director). Our jobs consist of;
- Mis-en-scene concerns the design aspects of production and is therefore responsible for the majority of visual elements in shots. This includes things such as costume design, make-up, settings, props and actors. Its important for mis-en-scene to work closely with the director to convey the correct imagery within a production.
- Sound and Lighting is important for emphasizing certain elements in a shot and to create or reinforce the themes of the film. Working closely with the camera operator lighting can complement mis-en-scene and depending on what concepts are chosen create the shot soley on its basis. Sound must ensure that all audio is recorded correctly with efficiency, in that audio levels are correct. Sound is also in charge of non diegetic audio such as music. With these responsibilties, sound is seemingly a extremerly important role in which sound can set the feel for a scene, that being either non diegetic or diegetic.
- Director. Essentially the director is the creator of the film and therefore leads the production. The director controls the creative aspects whilst guiding people with technical roles to create their vision.
Camera is my specific job role within our production group.
Cinematography consists of making camera and lighting decisions when recording for a production, cinematographic techniques such as the choice of shot, and camera movement, can greatly influence the structure and meaning of a film.
Choice of shot size is directly related to the size of the final display screen the audience will see, the use of different shot sizes can influence the meaning which an audience will interpret so creating the right shot by using the correct shot size for the situation on screen is important.
Common shot sizes included ;
- ECU (Extreme close up) Focus’s on a single feature of a prop or part of the face, fills the entire frame
- CU (Close up) Focus’s on multiple features of a shot, a person would be displayed in the frame at around shoulder height
- MS (Medium shot) Has little establishment properties but can show much of a characters body and therefore works well to show ones body language
- LS/ES (Long / Establishment shot) Long shots establish locations for its audience, for the distance of the camera is far away from what is being displayed many features can be included within the shot such as a street or house.
As well as choice of shot size, choice of camera movement if also important much for the same reasons as the shot sizes in which the audience interpret what is being shown on screen
Job roles within Camera
- Director of Photography
Director of photography holds a major creative role and holds the majority of responsibilities in what and how mise en scene is shot. "Mise en scène" refers to everything that is presented before the camera including lighting, costume, makeup, props and the setting. DoPs collaborate closely with the camera crew (Camera Operator, 1st and 2nd Assistant Camera, Camera Trainee and Grips) as well as the Director and the studio during most stages of production.
- Camera operator
Camera Operators usually begin work at the end of pre-production and, if the budget allows, attend the technical recess with other Heads of Department. They work closely with the Director of Photography (DoP), Director and Grip, and are responsible for the 1st Assistant Camera (AC), 2nd Assistant Camera (AC) and the - Camera Trainee
After the Director and DoP have rehearsed and blocked the shots, the Camera Operator and DoP decide where to position the camera, and what lenses and supporting equipment to use. Camera Operators liaise with the Grip and other Heads of Department, and keep them informed about how the position and movement of the camera might impact on their work load. They oversee the preparation and checking of camera equipment. During shooting, Operators are responsible for all aspects of camera operation, enabling the DoP to concentrate intensively on lighting and overall visual style.
http://www.skillset.org/film/jobs/camera/article_4688_1.asp
Technical
The five shot rule - The five shot rule aims to make editing easier, its 5 step progress is several differentiating shots to make footage flow. These 5 shots consist of
- Close up of the face
- Close up of the hands
- Over the shoulder
- Wide Angle shot
- Creative shot
Jump cuts - In editing, a jump cut is a shot which consists of the same subject displayed but the two shots vary in positions. The jump cut is considered to be a unprofessional for it supposedly interrupts continuity, however the shot is further considered quite effective when focusing on a particular prop or character in the scene.
180 Degree rule- The 180 degree rule concerns continuity, it is a basic guideline that two subjects in the same scene should always have the same left/right relationship to each other in terms of where the camera is positioned and shooting. If this guideline is broken and the camera passes over the axis of a 180 degrees as to where the previous shot was held then this is known as crossing the line. This guideline is considered to be essential to follow within professional production for without it its breach within continuity is stated to cause distortion amongst the audience, however filmmakers have been known to break this rule on purpose in an act of style.
Depth of field- Depth of field (DOF) relates to the amount of focus on the
subject at hand. Depending on how much focus is on other factors in the shot other than the primary subject including things such as the background and foreground, the focus and therefore attention of the primary subject within the shot can be controlled. This is known as depth of field. Depth of field is determined by the amount of light being allowed into the aperture in conjunction with the lens of the camera as well as the distance from the subject. Aperture acts an iris within the camera allowing more or less light into the camera, so if we was to have a wide aperture this would result in what is known as a shallow depth of field where our subject would appear in focus where as everything else would appear out of focus. To capture the entirety of a shot including foreground and background a narrow aperture would be necessary resulting in a deep depth of field where everything appears in focus.
Exposure- Exposure is the amount of light allowed to fall on the shot, exposure is classified as correct by the Filmer to which they capture the amount of light they intended for the shot. Filmer's may want a high or low amount of exposure depending on what is happening in the shot for aesthetic purposes.
Camera research
Sony DSR-PD150 DVCAM Camcorder
The Sony DSR-PD150 is a Semi-Professional Digital video Camera.Director David Lynch soley filmed the feature length film Inland Empire with this camera which premiered at Italy's Venice Film Festival on September 6, 2006, where David Lynch also received the Golden Lion lifetime achievement award for his "contributions to the art of cinema." The Pd150 is then the first digital camera to be used to film a feature length production.
Manufacturers description -
The DSR-PD150 provides high quality acquisition in the DVCAM component digital format, as well as in DV, allowing up to forty minutes recording on one tape Mini DVCAM tape or over a full hour in the DV mode. It is suited for Event Videography and Video Journalist applications. This compact camcorder features three newly developed 1/3 inch 380K pixel CCDs that allow two scanning modes: 480 progressive (for still) or interlaced (for video). These new CCDs also provide high quality acquisition with increased resolution and sensitivity at reduced noise and vertical smear. The DSR-PD150 also features complete Professional Audio functions with two built-in XLR inputs. It features a built-in slot for a flash memory card or MemoryStick for still image storage. Up to 988 JPEG pictures can be stored in one 64 MB MemoryStick. The stored images can be mixed or keyed to the live image allowing logo insertion and/or mix effects. The built-in electronic zoom lens features Autofocus and SuperSteadyShot with a high MTF 12X high MTF quality optical lens with manual Zoom, Focus and Iris control. A high resolution (500 lines) B&W viewfinder and a color swing out bright color LCD panel are included to make shooting a breeze. A software package for logo generation and included USB port adapter are standard.
http://reviews.cnet.com/digital-camcorders/sony-dsr-pd150/1707-6500_7-6899174.html#manDesc
- Mis-en-scene concerns the design aspects of production and is therefore responsible for the majority of visual elements in shots. This includes things such as costume design, make-up, settings, props and actors. Its important for mis-en-scene to work closely with the director to convey the correct imagery within a production.
- Sound and Lighting is important for emphasizing certain elements in a shot and to create or reinforce the themes of the film. Working closely with the camera operator lighting can complement mis-en-scene and depending on what concepts are chosen create the shot soley on its basis. Sound must ensure that all audio is recorded correctly with efficiency, in that audio levels are correct. Sound is also in charge of non diegetic audio such as music. With these responsibilties, sound is seemingly a extremerly important role in which sound can set the feel for a scene, that being either non diegetic or diegetic.
- Director. Essentially the director is the creator of the film and therefore leads the production. The director controls the creative aspects whilst guiding people with technical roles to create their vision.
Camera is my specific job role within our production group.Cinematography consists of making camera and lighting decisions when recording for a production, cinematographic techniques such as the choice of shot, and camera movement, can greatly influence the structure and meaning of a film.
Choice of shot size is directly related to the size of the final display screen the audience will see, the use of different shot sizes can influence the meaning which an audience will interpret so creating the right shot by using the correct shot size for the situation on screen is important.
Common shot sizes included ;
- ECU (Extreme close up) Focus’s on a single feature of a prop or part of the face, fills the entire frame
- CU (Close up) Focus’s on multiple features of a shot, a person would be displayed in the frame at around shoulder height
- MS (Medium shot) Has little establishment properties but can show much of a characters body and therefore works well to show ones body language
- LS/ES (Long / Establishment shot) Long shots establish locations for its audience, for the distance of the camera is far away from what is being displayed many features can be included within the shot such as a street or house.
As well as choice of shot size, choice of camera movement if also important much for the same reasons as the shot sizes in which the audience interpret what is being shown on screen
Job roles within Camera
- Director of Photography
Director of photography holds a major creative role and holds the majority of responsibilities in what and how mise en scene is shot. "Mise en scène" refers to everything that is presented before the camera including lighting, costume, makeup, props and the setting. DoPs collaborate closely with the camera crew (Camera Operator, 1st and 2nd Assistant Camera, Camera Trainee and Grips) as well as the Director and the studio during most stages of production.
- Camera operator
Camera Operators usually begin work at the end of pre-production and, if the budget allows, attend the technical recess with other Heads of Department. They work closely with the Director of Photography (DoP), Director and Grip, and are responsible for the 1st Assistant Camera (AC), 2nd Assistant Camera (AC) and the - Camera Trainee
After the Director and DoP have rehearsed and blocked the shots, the Camera Operator and DoP decide where to position the camera, and what lenses and supporting equipment to use. Camera Operators liaise with the Grip and other Heads of Department, and keep them informed about how the position and movement of the camera might impact on their work load. They oversee the preparation and checking of camera equipment. During shooting, Operators are responsible for all aspects of camera operation, enabling the DoP to concentrate intensively on lighting and overall visual style.
http://www.skillset.org/film/jobs/camera/article_4688_1.asp
Technical
The five shot rule - The five shot rule aims to make editing easier, its 5 step progress is several differentiating shots to make footage flow. These 5 shots consist of
- Close up of the face
- Close up of the hands
- Over the shoulder
- Wide Angle shot
- Creative shot
Jump cuts - In editing, a jump cut is a shot which consists of the same subject displayed but the two shots vary in positions. The jump cut is considered to be a unprofessional for it supposedly interrupts continuity, however the shot is further considered quite effective when focusing on a particular prop or character in the scene.
180 Degree rule- The 180 degree rule concerns continuity, it is a basic guideline that two subjects in the same scene should always have the same left/right relationship to each other in terms of where the camera is positioned and shooting. If this guideline is broken and the camera passes over the axis of a 180 degrees as to where the previous shot was held then this is known as crossing the line. This guideline is considered to be essential to follow within professional production for without it its breach within continuity is stated to cause distortion amongst the audience, however filmmakers have been known to break this rule on purpose in an act of style.
Depth of field- Depth of field (DOF) relates to the amount of focus on the
subject at hand. Depending on how much focus is on other factors in the shot other than the primary subject including things such as the background and foreground, the focus and therefore attention of the primary subject within the shot can be controlled. This is known as depth of field. Depth of field is determined by the amount of light being allowed into the aperture in conjunction with the lens of the camera as well as the distance from the subject. Aperture acts an iris within the camera allowing more or less light into the camera, so if we was to have a wide aperture this would result in what is known as a shallow depth of field where our subject would appear in focus where as everything else would appear out of focus. To capture the entirety of a shot including foreground and background a narrow aperture would be necessary resulting in a deep depth of field where everything appears in focus.Exposure- Exposure is the amount of light allowed to fall on the shot, exposure is classified as correct by the Filmer to which they capture the amount of light they intended for the shot. Filmer's may want a high or low amount of exposure depending on what is happening in the shot for aesthetic purposes.
Camera research
Sony DSR-PD150 DVCAM Camcorder
The Sony DSR-PD150 is a Semi-Professional Digital video Camera.Director David Lynch soley filmed the feature length film Inland Empire with this camera which premiered at Italy's Venice Film Festival on September 6, 2006, where David Lynch also received the Golden Lion lifetime achievement award for his "contributions to the art of cinema." The Pd150 is then the first digital camera to be used to film a feature length production.
Manufacturers description -
The DSR-PD150 provides high quality acquisition in the DVCAM component digital format, as well as in DV, allowing up to forty minutes recording on one tape Mini DVCAM tape or over a full hour in the DV mode. It is suited for Event Videography and Video Journalist applications. This compact camcorder features three newly developed 1/3 inch 380K pixel CCDs that allow two scanning modes: 480 progressive (for still) or interlaced (for video). These new CCDs also provide high quality acquisition with increased resolution and sensitivity at reduced noise and vertical smear. The DSR-PD150 also features complete Professional Audio functions with two built-in XLR inputs. It features a built-in slot for a flash memory card or MemoryStick for still image storage. Up to 988 JPEG pictures can be stored in one 64 MB MemoryStick. The stored images can be mixed or keyed to the live image allowing logo insertion and/or mix effects. The built-in electronic zoom lens features Autofocus and SuperSteadyShot with a high MTF 12X high MTF quality optical lens with manual Zoom, Focus and Iris control. A high resolution (500 lines) B&W viewfinder and a color swing out bright color LCD panel are included to make shooting a breeze. A software package for logo generation and included USB port adapter are standard.
http://reviews.cnet.com/digital-camcorders/sony-dsr-pd150/1707-6500_7-6899174.html#manDesc
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